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The Sydney Modification of the Alberta Mandibular Reconstruction technique (SM-ART) is a hybrid of the Rohner method and the Alberta Reconstructive Technique (ART). SM-ART differs from ART in three ways, notably the use of custom plates, intraoral placement of implants via three-dimensionally printed guides and a skin graft buried deep into the skin paddle of the fibula flap in the first stage of the reconstruction.The aim of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry based methods for measuring craniofacial asymmetry in patients with congenital muscular torticollis (CMT). This study focused on the differences in craniofacial asymmetry in CMT patients compared with a healthy control group using 3D photographs. The difference in facial asymmetry between the CMT group and control group was measured using two methods to analyse facial asymmetry in distinct anatomical regions (1) mirroring and surface-based registration to analyse the overall facial asymmetry; (2) the 'coherent point drift' based method. Thirty-one patients with CMT and 84 controls were included in the study. A statistically significant difference was found between the CMT patients and a healthy control group. The measured facial asymmetry for the CMT group was 1.71±0.66mm and for the controls 0.46±0.14mm (P less then 0.05). A significant difference was found in surface ratio for the cheek, nose and the forehead region (P less then 0.05). With its minimal invasive character, 3D stereophotogrammetry is a useful tool in measuring the facial asymmetry associated with CMT and to quantify the treatment-induced facial changes. In the future 3D facial data could be used to create a ranking-scale to categorize the severity of facial asymmetry.High-quality research in surgical sciences is constrained by a number of barriers including funding, blinding, adjusting for surgical experience, and inability to recruit sufficient numbers. As a result, surgeons have been reported to accept lower levels of scientific evidence to validate procedures. Our study analysed the quantity and quality of publications in three journals in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery over a 21-year period. A retrospective analysis of all issues published between 1998 and 2018 in the International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and the Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery was conducted. A total of 14,324 articles were analysed and grouped according to their National Health and Medical Research Council of evidence. The analysis revealed that there has been a promising increase in both the quantity and quality of publications with statistically significant increases in each of the variables analysed. We found a statistically significant increase in the number of articles published in the most recent decade compared with the previous decade across the three journals. The level of evidence also increased during the study period, with greater numbers of level I and II studies being published in more recent years. These findings were found to be statistically significant (P˂0.001).In this study, a three-dimensional evaluation was performed to explore differences between bone-embedded and soft tissue-covered roots after mandibular third molar (M3M) coronectomy. Patients were recruited according to the results of cone-beam computed tomography, 6 months after coronectomy. Completely bone-embedded M3Ms were assigned to group B, while completely soft tissue-covered M3Ms were assigned to group S. Data were recorded using digital software. A total of 213 M3Ms in 181 patients were investigated, of which 170 were assigned to the two study groups. Age was the primary factor influencing root migration (P less then 0.001). The smaller the degree of angulation of the M3M, the more likely was the root complex to rotate distally (r=-0.37, P less then 0.001). The depth of the impacted M3M contributed to the regeneration of new bone (P≤0.008). The length of the root complex (odds ratio 0.82, P=0.048) and distance from the root to the alveolar crest (odds ratio 1.23, P=0.026) were two critical factors influencing whether the root complex was bone-embedded. Ensuring that the length of the root complex is less then 7.6mm and the distance between the root and alveolar crest is ≥5mm were both found to be critical to the remaining root being completely bone-embedded and thus preventing eruption and the need for secondary surgery.Climate change is one of the biggest challenges humanity is facing in the 21st century. Two recognized sequelae of climate change are global warming and air pollution. The gradual increase in ambient temperature, coupled with elevated pollution levels have a devastating effect on our health, potentially contributing to the increased rate and severity of numerous neurological disorders. PF-8380 The main aim of this review paper is to shed some light on the association between the phenomena of global warming and air pollution, and two of the most common and debilitating neurological conditions stroke and neurodegenerative disorders. Extreme ambient temperatures induce neurological impairment and increase stroke incidence and mortality. Global warming does not participate in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but it exacerbates symptoms of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's Disease (PD). A very close link exists between accumulated levels of air pollutants (principally particulate matter), and the incidence of ischemic rather than hemorrhagic strokes. People exposed to air pollutants have a higher risk of developing dementia and AD, but not PD. Oxidative stress, changes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular haemodynamics, excitotoxicity, microglial activation, and cellular apoptosis, all play a central role in the overlap of the effect of climate change on neurological disorders. The complex interactions between global warming and air pollution, and their intricate effect on the nervous system, imply that future policies aimed to mitigate climate change must address these two challenges in unison.